Japanese (JAPN)

Designed for students with no or little knowledge of Japanese, this intensive introductory course focuses on building up a solid foundation of linguistic and cultural knowledge as well as interpersonal, interpretive, and presentational communication skills. Students are expected to develop basic competence in the following areas: (a) engaging in spoken and/or written interpersonal communications dealing with familiar topics that are relevant to their life; (b) obtaining information from a variety of audio, visual, audio-visual, written and printed resources; and (c) planning and producing spoken and/or written presentational communications. Students will learn all hiragana and katakana characters and approximately 200 kanji characters by the end of the year. Rigorous participation in class activities, various oral and written assignments and projects, frequent quizzes and tests, and mid-term and final exams will be required. Prerequisite: None.

Designed for students with no or little knowledge of Japanese, this intensive introductory course focuses on building up a solid foundation of linguistic and cultural knowledge as well as interpersonal, interpretive, and presentational communication skills. Students are expected to develop basic competence in the following areas: (a) engaging in spoken and/or written interpersonal communications dealing with familiar topics that are relevant to their life; (b) obtaining information from a variety of audio, visual, audio-visual, written and printed resources; and (c) planning and producing spoken and/or written presentational communications. Students will learn all hiragana and katakana characters and approximately 200 kanji characters by the end of the year. Rigorous participation in class activities, various oral and written assignments and projects, frequent quizzes and tests, and mid-term and final exams will be required. Prerequisite: JAPN-011.

This course is designed for students who have successfully completed JAPN-111 or equivalent. The course provides integrative language training in order to improve pre-intermediate students’ interpretive, interpersonal, and presentational communication skills. Through various oral and/or written activities, students will learn intermediate vocabulary, kanji, grammar, and expressions. The course also focuses on the development of a solid foundation of reading and writing skills: Students will be expected to obtain information from low-intermediate level written and printed materials to enhance understanding, and learn to express their opinions about the topics discussed in class. By the end of the course, students should be able to (a) handle conversational situations appropriately using proper expressions and speech styles, (b) comprehend low-intermediate level audio, audio-visual and/or written resources, and (c) talk and write about familiar topics. Students should be able to recognize approximately 375 kanji characters. Rigorous participation in class activities, various oral and written assignments/projects, frequent quizzes and tests, mid-term and final exams, and a term project will be required. Prerequisite: JAPN-012 or equivalent.

This course is designed for students who have successfully completed First Level Japanese at Georgetown or equivalent. It aims to improve pre-intermediate students’ overall Japanese language proficiency by providing integrated training of interpretive, interpersonal, and presentational communication skills. Through various oral and/or written activities, students will learn intermediate vocabulary, kanji, and grammar. The course will help students to express their own ideas and opinions about general topics of interest in various conversational situations and independently obtain information from written materials from different sources. About 300 new kanji characters will be introduced. Prerequisite: JAPN-111 or equivalent.

Designed for students who have successfully completed Second Level Japanese at Georgetown University or equivalent, this course provides integrative, proficiency-oriented language instruction that aims at improving students' interpersonal, interpretive, and presentational communication skills. Students are expected to expand their competence in the following areas: (a) engaging in spoken and/or written interpersonal communications dealing with both familiar and unfamiliar topics; (b) synthesizing information from a variety of authentic audio, visual, audio-visual, written and printed resources; and (c) successfully planning and producing spoken and/or written presentational communications. Through various spoken and/or written activities, students will (a) increase their linguistic and cultural knowledge as well as communication skills, (b) acquire socio-cultural knowledge that enables them to use appropriate register in real-world communicative situations, (c) deepen their understanding of the target culture by comparing and/or making connections to their own, (d) articulate their own thoughts and opinions in a coherent, persuasive manner, and (e) expand their circle of communication using Japanese. Students are also expected to acquire effective learning strategies that help them become independent, strategic language learners who can increase their proficiency on their own. Rigorous participation in class activities, various oral and written assignments/projects, frequent quizzes and tests, mid-term and final exams, and a term project will be required. Prerequisite: JAPN-112 or equivalent.

Designed for students who have successfully completed Second Level Japanese at Georgetown University or equivalent, this course provides integrative, proficiency-oriented language instruction that aims at improving students' interpersonal, interpretive, and presentational communication skills. Students are expected to expand their competence in the following areas: (a) engaging in spoken and/or written interpersonal communications dealing with both familiar and unfamiliar topics; (b) synthesizing information from a variety of authentic audio, visual, audio-visual, written and printed resources; and (c) successfully planning and producing spoken and/or written presentational communications. Through various spoken and/or written activities, students will (a) increase their linguistic and cultural knowledge as well as communication skills, (b) acquire socio-cultural knowledge that enables them to use appropriate register in real-world communicative situations, (c) deepen their understanding of the target culture by comparing and/or making connections to their own, (d) articulate their own thoughts and opinions in a coherent, persuasive manner, and (e) expand their circle of communication using Japanese. Students are also expected to acquire effective learning strategies that help them become independent, strategic language learners who can increase their proficiency on their own. Rigorous participation in class activities, various oral and written assignments/projects, frequent quizzes and tests, mid-term and final exams, and a term project will be required. Prerequisite: Successful completion of JAPN-211 or equivalent.

This course introduces the basics of a range of topics in Japanese linguistics, including Japanese phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, language variation, and language acquisition. The course objectives are (a) to familiarize the students with basic notions and terminology used in Japanese linguistics; (b) to familiarize the students with major issues in different areas of Japanese linguistics; and (c) to provide the students with hands-on experience in linguistic analysis using Japanese data. Upon successful completion of the course, students should be able to better understand the underlying structures of Japanese and how linguistic analysis is carried out. Rigorous participation in class discussion, completion of reading assignments prior to class, various data analysis/written assignments, mid-term and final exams, library research, and a term project will be required. The course is conducted in English. This course satisfies one semester of the College's social science general education requirements and/or the culture requirement for Japanese majors. Prerequisite: Introductory course in linguistics, and/or knowledge of Japanese.

This course introduces key issues and theoretical frameworks in second language acquisition (SLA), with a particular focus on the learning of Japanese as a second language (L2 Japanese) and the fundamental principles of research design. The course aims to: (a) provide an overview of major topics and research approaches in SLA; (b) familiarize students with methodologies used in SLA research; (c) offer hands-on experience in data analysis; (d) develop students’ ability to critically evaluate empirical studies; and (e) guide students in formulating testable research questions and designing valid studies. Active participation in class discussions, an oral presentation, written assignments, library research, and a final project (a research proposal) are required. The course will be conducted in English.

By the end of this course, students will have developed competencies in the following areas: 1. Understanding major topics and research approaches in SLA 2. Becoming familiar with SLA research methodologies 3. Gaining hands-on experience in data analysis related to Japanese language learning 4. Critically reviewing SLA studies and gaining insights into current research issues 5. Identifying challenges in L2 Japanese learning and formulating well-defined research questions 6. Designing realistic and feasible studies and translating research plans into actionable steps 7. Providing clear justifications and rationales for proposed studies

JAPN 412 Japanese Anime Film is an intensive co-viewing anime course taught in English. The course includes direct viewing of over a dozen key films (in Japanese with English subtitles whenever possible, otherwise in English dubbing) that represent major sub-genres of anime, as well as extensive readings in cultural theory to enable cross-cultural translation and articulation of these animated films. In the past, these anime have included Tetsuwan Atom ("Astro Boy"), Sazae-san, Neon Genesis Evangelion, Sen to Chihiro no kamikakushi ("Spirited Away"), Eden of the East, and others. The writing exercises are designed to strengthen the student’s ability to explain the significance of Japanese anime across cultural boundaries. Rather than a narrow approach to anime from a "fandom" perspective, we will interrogate these films as cultural artifacts that speak to Japanese and universal themes. Cultural theories from Marshall McLuhan, Christopher Lasch and others will guide our critical engagement with these anime. There will be two 5-7 page essays, an in-class Midterm essay which the student will complete for a 12-15 page take-home Final. No prerequisite, previous exposure to anime or Japanese language is required.

This course will explore the history of Christianity in Japan, beginning with its introduction by the Jesuits in the mid 16th century, the subsequent "Christian century," then persecution during the 17th through mid-19th centuries, and the reopening of the country and the beginning of Protestant missions. We will also consider how the American Occupation of Japan from 1945-52 promoted Christianity in Japan, especially Protestant Christianity. While we will read some historical surveys and secondary sources, emphasis will be on reading primary sources by Japanese Christians themselves reflecting on their faith (in English).

Catholicism has a history in Japan longer than the United States has been around. Beginning with the arrival of St. Francis Xavier in 1549, Catholicism has shaped Japanese culture in subtle but profound ways. How many people realize that tempura has its origins in the dietary requirements of Jesuits during Lent (the tempora when meat was not to be eaten)? This course seeks to enrich our understanding of Japanese culture by challenging stereotypes of Japanese culture as either "non-religious" (materialistic) or "not-our-religious" (Buddhist, Confucian, etc). Simultaneously, it challenges Eurocentric views that reduce Catholicism to an expression of Western culture. Readings include historical texts, theological works, and novels (especially the novels by the Catholic writer Endo Shusaku). Take a course at Georgetown that will introduce you to what St. Francis Xavier struggled with at the end of his life! Course and readings are in English. Course conducted in English. Prerequisite: None.

In this course we will read through most of the novels of Endo Shusaku (1923-1996), one of modern Japan's most important writers. Endo is a unique writer whose travels and stories take the reader from 16th century samurai to twentieth century France and India. Often compared with Francois Mauriac and Graham Greene, he is Japan's most famous "Catholic writer." In this course, we will explore such themes as racial differences, Catholicism in the non-West, and Japanese culture in the modern world. No knowledge of Japanese is required; course is taught in English. Majors within the East Asian Languages and Cultures Department may receive 1/2 of Theology requirement. Prerequisite: None.

This course explores the various forms of nationalism in modern Japan (political and economic, but especially cultural, aesthetic and ethnic) and how they have co-existed with and contested imperialism, militarism and even democracy. It emphasizes nationalism as a cultural theory of identity that has political and moral implications. Building on a theoretical understanding of nationalism as a modern phenomenon, it looks beyond high politics to a range of cultural, literary and intellectual texts for evidence of how national identity has been articulated in Japan and what its political significance may be. In the past, readings have focused on anthropological theories of the origins of the Japanese people, Marxist nationalism in postwar Japan, and contemporary "nationalisms" that range from economic to educational expressions. Every effort will be made to read works by Japanese writings and especially recently published material. The course and all readings are in English. Prerequisite: None.

This course provides integrative, proficiency-oriented language instruction that aims at improving pre-advanced or advanced students’ interpretive, interpersonal, and presentational communication skills while deepening their understanding of the Japanese language and culture. Topics discussed in the course include language awareness, the characteristics of the Japanese language, language and culture, and issues in the Japanese writing system. Through various spoken and/or written communication activities, students will (a) learn advanced vocabulary, kanji, grammar, and expressions that are frequently used in authentic printed and audio-visual materials, (b) learn how the Japanese language reflects Japanese people’s worldviews and ways of thinking, (c) deepen their understanding of the Japanese language and culture by comparing and/or making connections to their own language and culture, and (d) expand their thoughts on the discussed topics and articulate their thoughts and opinions in a coherent, persuasive manner.

The course provides ample opportunity to gather and share new information, use outside resources to enhance students’ understanding of course materials, connect new information to the existing knowledge, reflect upon different cultures, express one’s own thoughts and opinions, and raise their community awareness. Course requirements include rigorous participation in class activities, timely completion of various oral and written assignments and projects, frequent quizzes and tests, a midterm and final exam, and a term project.

This course builds on JAPN-3001 Integrative Advanced Japanese but is not a sequential course. It offers integrative, proficiency-oriented language instruction designed to enhance the spoken and written interpretive, interpersonal, and presentational communication skills of pre-advanced or advanced students while deepening their understanding of the Japanese language and culture. Course topics include kanji, honorific expressions, mimetic expressions, and language variations. Through various spoken and written communication activities, students will: 1. acquire advanced vocabulary, kanji, grammar, and expressions commonly found in authentic printed and audiovisual materials; 2. explore how the Japanese language reflects Japanese worldviews and ways of thinking; 3. deepen their understanding of Japanese language and culture through comparisons and connections with their own language and culture; and 4. expand on the discussed topics, expressing their thoughts and opinions in a coherent, persuasive manner. The course provides abundant opportunities to gather and share new information, utilize outside resources to enrich understanding of course materials, connect new information with existing knowledge, reflect on cultural differences, articulate personal thoughts and opinions, and raise community awareness. Course requirements include active participation in class activities, timely completion of oral and written assignments and projects, frequent quizzes, a midterm and final exam, and a term project. Prerequisite: Successful completion of JAPN-2002 Third Level Japanese II, or its equivalent. This course fulfills one semester of the upper elective requirement for Japanese majors.

This course aims to improve pre-advanced or advanced Japanese language students' oral communication skills. Students will engage in various oral communication activities aimed at improving listening comprehension, grammar and vocabulary knowledge, and communication and presentation skills. The course will deal with various topics including current affairs, Japanese culture and society, cross-cultural comparisons, and the Japanese language, using authentic materials taken from broadcasted news, newspapers, films, documentary, and others. Students' oral performance will be evaluated based on global functions, content, accuracy, and text type. The ACTFL (American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages) Proficiency Guidelines will be discussed in class. This course satisfies one semester of the College's social science general education requirements and/or the upper elective requirement for Japanese majors. Prerequisite: JAPN-212 or equivalent.

This course is designed to improve pre-advanced or advanced students’ interpretive, interpersonal, and presentational communication skills through business case studies. Using recent periodicals, broadcast news, and business-related printed/audio-visual resources, students will (a) develop knowledge of current business practices and trends in Japan, corporate organization and structure, Japanese managerial style and personnel relations, and topics related to Japanese economy, industry and foreign trade; (b) improve interpretive communication skills to obtain information from authentic printed/audio-visual materials featuring a Japanese company’s marketing strategies; (c) learn advanced business-related vocabulary and expressions to improve interpersonal and presentational communication skills that are required in a professional setting; (d) expand their own perspectives on Japanese business and learn to articulate them, both orally and in writing, in a coherent, persuasive manner; and (e) improve analytical and problem-solving skills through business case studies. By the end of the course, students should be able to (a) deepen their understanding of current business practices, trends, and culture in Japan; (b) handle authentic printed/audio-visual resources in order to obtain information; (c) discuss business-related topics using business-related advanced vocabulary and expressions, and (c) present their own thoughts and opinions on business-related issues in a coherent, persuasive manner. Course requirements include rigorous participation in class activities and timely completion of various oral and written assignments/projects, frequent quizzes and tests, and mid-term and final exams. Prerequisite: Successful completion of JAPN-212 Third Level Japanese II, or equivalent. This course satisfies one semester of the College's social science general education requirements and the upper elective requirement for Japanese majors.

This course is designed to improve pre-advanced or advanced students’ written and spoken communication skills through discussion of current events reported in recent periodicals and broadcast news. Through various reading, writing, and speaking activities, students will (a) learn vocabulary and expressions that are frequently used in discussions surrounding social, economic, and political issues, (b) improve accuracy and fluency in both reading and listening comprehension, (c) deepen their understanding of domestic and international current events, and (d) expand their thoughts and opinions on the topics discussed in class and articulate them in a coherent, persuasive manner. The course provides ample opportunity for students to gather and share new information, use other resources to enhance their understanding of course materials, connect new information to the existing knowledge, reflect upon different cultures and societies by comparing and/or connecting to their own, and express their own thoughts and opinions. Rigorous participation in class activities, various oral and written assignments/projects, frequent quizzes and tests, and a midterm and final exam will be required. Prerequisite: Successful completion of Third Level Japanese, or equivalent. This course satisfies one semester of the College’s social science general education requirements and/or the upper elective requirement for Japanese majors. SFS/MSFS/MASIA/MSB students who plan to take the language proficiency exam in Japanese are strongly encouraged to take this course.

This course is designed for pre-advanced and advanced students to strengthen their interpretive, interpersonal, and presentational communication skills in Japanese through the use of business case studies. The course has three main objectives: 1. To gain an understanding of key issues in Japanese business, including Japan’s economy, industry, and foreign trade practices, while developing problem-solving skills through in-depth analysis of real-world business situations in Japan. 2. Enhance Japanese language proficiency by engaging with current periodicals, news broadcasts, and other business-related materials. Students will develop the ability to extract relevant information from authentic print and audiovisual sources, acquire specialized vocabulary and expressions used in professional settings, and express well-informed opinions on business topics clearly and persuasively in both spoken and written Japanese. 3. Reflect on one's future career and explore strategies for career preparation. Students are expected to actively participate in class discussions and activities, complete assignments and regular quizzes on time, and demonstrate strong performance on course projects as well as the midterm and final examinations. Prerequisite: Successful completion of JAPN-2002 (Third Level Japanese II) or equivalent. This course fulfills one semester of the College of Arts and Sciences (CAS) social science general education requirement and counts as an upper-level elective for the Japanese major or minor.

Japanese pop culture has been gaining popularity across the world, and popular media such as manga, anime, games, and music serves as a contact point for Japanese language and culture for learners of Japanese. In light of the critical role that popular media culture plays in providing linguistically and culturally rich information, this course is designed to improve pre-advanced or advanced students’ spoken and written communication skills through an examination of the trend and history of Japanese pop culture. Using recent periodicals, audio-visual resources, and written materials drawn from popular media, students will (a) develop knowledge of the historical backgrounds of topics in modern Japanese popular culture while familiarizing themselves with different pop culture genres (e.g., manga, anime, films, TV dramas, songs and music, dance, modern and traditional performing arts, etc.), (b) improve interpretive and interpersonal communication skills while learning advanced vocabulary and expressions, and (c) expand their perspectives on Japanese pop culture and learn to present them in a coherent, persuasive manner. By the end of the course, students should be able to (a) deepen their understanding of Japanese popular media culture, (b) comprehend and enjoy authentic audio-visual as well as written cultural resources, and (c) discuss and present their own thoughts and opinions on issues related to Japanese pop culture. The course requires rigorous participation in class activities, various oral and written assignments/projects, frequent quizzes and tests, and mid-term and final exams.

This course will introduce a variety of readings that speak to current issues in modern Japanese political culture. The emphasis will not be on political science, narrowly construed, but on the broader kinds of issues, debates and themes that are prominent in current national Japanese media. Topics may include: the history of the Japanese national flag, the shifting attitudes of Japanese people toward their state, debates over the monarchy, national security, etc. The goal of this course is to prepare the student linguistically and conceptually for independent analysis of current Japanese political and cultural debates. All readings are in modern, standard Japanese, with a primary emphasis on very current sources (last few years), especially from journals published in Japan; the class discussion may be conducted in either English or Japanese, depending the desires and skill-level of the class. Prerequisite: JAPN-212 or equivalent.

This class will expose the student to some of the best examples in the genre of short stories (tanpen sh?setsu) in modern Japanese literature, with an emphasis on the postwar period. Focusing on short stories will allow the student to sample in one semester a greater variety of styles and idiomatic structures than longer works like novels would, and the student will enjoy being able to finish more stories. Particularly goals of this class include enhanced skill in reading modern Japanese, improved comprehension of literary Japanese as demonstrated through precise and eloquent English translation, and a more sophisticated understanding of the dynamics of modern Japanese culture through appreciation of the content of the stories. Course readings are in Japanese. Particular texts and authors vary by semester.

The course is a survey of premodern Japanese literature discovered through assigned readings and films. It aims to encourage diversity in thought, flexibility in opinion, and an understanding of the role of texts in forming ideas as represented through Japanese literature.

This course is designed to improve advanced Japanese language learners' reading and writing skills, using selected texts on language and culture. It focuses on (a) accurate comprehension of authentic printed and/or spoken resources on various issues related to language and culture, (b) learning of advanced vocabulary and grammar, and (c) the improvement of both written and spoken communication skills through rigorous discussions and written assignments. The topics discussed in the course include the typological characteristics of the Japanese language, a comparison between Japanese and other languages, the roles of kanji and foreign loan words, onomatopoeia, gender issues, language change, and language register and honorific expressions. Rigorous participation in class activities, various oral and written assignments/projects, frequent quizzes and tests, mid-term and final exams, and a term project will be required. This course satisfies one semester of the College's social science general education requirements and/or the upper elective requirement for Japanese majors. Prerequisite: JAPN-212 or equivalent.

This course is designed to improve advanced Japanese language learners' socio-cultural knowledge that enables them to use appropriate register in real-world communicative situations. It focuses on (a) accurate comprehension of authentic printed and/or spoken resources on various issues related to language register, culture, and language variations, and (b) a better understanding of taiguu-hyoogen, both formal and informal expressions that are suitable for different social situations. Through various spoken and/or written communication activities, students will learn to use polite, honorific, humble, and casual expressions appropriately while improving their vocabulary/kanji and grammar knowledge, and both interpretive and expressive communication skills. This course satisfies one semester of the College's social science general education requirements and/or the upper elective requirement for Japanese majors. Prerequisite: At least one upper elective course (i.e., 300 level) Japanese language course.

This course is designed to improve pre-advanced Japanese language students' kanji learning abilities as well as their knowledge of kanji words. Through various kanji learning activities and the reading of selected texts on the Japanese writing system, students will obtain a better understanding of the nature of kanji and cultivate positive attitudes toward and perceptions about kanji. Discussion topics include different types of orthographies (i.e., phonography and logography), the linguistic as well as social functions of kanji, the advantages and disadvantages of kanji in terms of information processing and cultural heritage, the multidimensionality of kanji knowledge, the compositional structure of kanji words, and the role of phonemic and morphological awareness in kanji learning, and effective kanji learning strategies including morphological analysis, context-based strategies, association strategies, repeated practice, and metacognitive strategies. The course provides ample opportunity to assess individual students' own kanji knowledge, reflect upon their own kanji learning strategies, work on various types of exercises that are intended to expand and enrich different aspects of their kanji knowledge (e.g., meaning, sound(s), visual representations, compositional structures, and usage), monitor their own progress, gather and share information from authentic printed materials, and express their own thoughts and opinions about kanji both orally and in writing. By the end of the course, students are expected to acquire a good command of approximately 750 kanji characters including 500 basic kanji characters taught in the first two years of Japanese language instruction at Georgetown University. Rigorous participation in class activities, various written and/or oral assignments, frequent quizzes and tests, library/internet research, and term project will be required. This course satisfies one semester of the College's social science general education requirements and/or the upper elective requirement for Japanese majors. Prerequisite: At least one upper elective course (i.e., 300 level) Japanese language course.

This course is an introduction to the Japanese language as represented in written sources composed between the ninth and the nineteenth centuries. Our primary goals are (1) the development of basic skills in reading and translating premodern texts, and (2) the enrichment of our vocabulary, as many “classical” words, phrases, and even a few grammatical structures remain in use in modern Japanese. Preparation: Students of classical Japanese should generally have at least two years of modern Japanese, and should be familiar with all of the basic modern verb conjugations (e.g., passives, causatives, etc.) Linguistically, our survey will cover four historical phases of Japanese:

❖ Old Japanese or jōdai Nihongo 上代日本語, the language of Nara-period texts such as Man’yōshū 万葉集.

❖ Early Middle Japanese or chūko Nihongo 中古日本語, the language of Heian-period works like Genji monogatari 源氏物語.

❖ Late Middle Japanese or chūsei Nihongo 中世日本語, the language of Japan’s turbulent, dynamic “medieval” age (c. 1185-1600).

❖ Early Modern Japanese or kinsei Nihongo 近世日本語, which despite its name persisted well into the Meiji period of modern Japanese history.

Conveniently, the relative structural stability of Japanese through the ages means that a good grounding in material from one premodern era will enable relatively easy linguistic access to material from other premodern eras, since the student will not have to learn very much fundamentally new grammar. After briefly surveying the basics of classical Japanese verb conjugation, we will begin our course with the Meiji-era work Gakumon no susume 学問のすゝめ (An Encouragement to Learning, 1876), then proceed to Hōjōki 方丈記 (An Account of My Hut, 1212) and Ise monogatari 伊勢物語 (The Tales of Ise, ca. 880).

This course is designed to enhance the reading and writing skills of advanced Japanese language learners through selected texts from Japanese literary works. It focuses on (a) accurate comprehension of authentic literary materials, (b) the development of advanced vocabulary and grammar, and (c) the enhancement of both written and spoken communication skills through rigorous discussions and assignments. The course explores a variety of texts and genres from modern and contemporary Japanese literature, with select classical works also included. Students will engage with a diverse range of readings, fostering a deeper appreciation for the complexity and richness of Japan's literary and cultural landscape. Active participation in class activities, written assignments, quizzes, exams, and a term project will be required.

The Senior Seminar will focus on critical approaches to literary, historical, and cultural studies. It will cover broad themes on theoretical issues and will bring in different disciplines, and guide students in the writing of individual research papers. Required for all majors. Prerequisite: None.